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Publications

This section features key books, articles, and research that have shaped Computational and Empirical Legal Studies. It offers a living library for anyone interested in how data and empirical methods
are transforming the study and practice of law in the digital age.

Say it with Figures
Hans Zeisel
1947

Core Empirical Legal Research Books
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American Legal Realism and Empirical Social Science
John Henry Schlegel
2000

 

The Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies
Peter Cane & Mark Tushnet
2003

Research Methods for Law
Mike McConville &
Wing Hong Chui
2007

Empirical Methods in Law 

Robert M. Lawless & Jennifer K. Robbennolt & Thomas S. Ulen 
2009

The Oxford Handbook of Empirical Legal Research 
Peter Cane & Mark Tushnet
2012

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Empirical Legal Analysis
Yun-chien Chang
2013

Research Methods in Law 
Dawn Watkins
2013

An Introduction to Empirical Legal Research
Lee Epstein & Andrew D. Martin
2014

Empirical Legal Research: A Guidance Book for Lawyers
Legislators and Regulators Frans L. Leeuw & Hans Schmeets
2016

Empirical Methods in Law, Second Edition

Robert M. Lawless & Jennifer K. Robbennolt & Thomas S. Ulen 
2016

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Research Methods in Law Second Edition
Dawn Watkins
2017

Data-Driven Law: Data Analytics and the New Legal Services Edward J Walters (Ed.)
2018

Empirical Legal Research in Action: Reflections on Methods and their Applications
Willem H. van Boom & Pieter Desmet & Peter Mascini
2018

Law as Data: Computation, Text, & the Future of Legal Analysis
Michael A. Livermore & Daniel N Rockmore
2019

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Empirical Legal Research: A Primer

Kees van den Bos

2020

Computational Legal Studies: The Promise and Challenge of Data-Driven Research
Ryan Whalen (Ed.)
2020

The Cambridge Handbook of the Law of Algorithms
Woodrow Barfield
2020

Advanced Introduction to Empirical Legal Research
Herbert M. Kritzer, Marvin J. Sonosky
2021

Research Methods for Empirical Legal Studies: An Introduction Catrien Bijleveld

2023

​

Influential Articles
Title
Author(s)
Year
Link
Clinical Education, Empirical Study, and Legal Scholarship
S.H. Leleiko
1979
https://www.jstor.org/stable/42892498
Why Don't Law Professors Do More Empirical Research
Peter H. Schuck
1989
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jled39&div=43&id=&page=
The Choice-Of-Law Revolution: An Empirical Study
Patrick J. Borchers
1992
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/waslee49&div=31&id=&page=
Empirical Legal Scholarship: Reestablishing a Dialogue between the Academy and Profession
Craig Allen Nard
1995
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/wflr30&div=25&id=&page=
Empirical Methodology and Legal Scholarship
Michael Heise
2002
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1600351
The Rules of Inference
Lee Epstein & Gary King
2002
https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclrev/vol69/iss1/1/
Exchange: Empirical Research and the Goals of Legal Scholarship
Lee Epstein & Gary King
2002
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30660601/The_Rules_of_Inference-libre.pdf?1392063726=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_rules_of_inference.pdf&Expires=1744401102&Signature=Cyu-RO7YdJdWXpJXSDu9UKjiav~Q8sZj5ycjDGR-H0rTPMGb3MQ6~z7xdjv1R51udvK6hiebWr-j4IwwU-p~S~yT~S4lnLSSHsCJz1yqe3r0E-A~HU4dVqfJ0gWrsZKsgxhB3vqyd~dFV2jtSiDfGhQ5IPhOUvxX55MRSg1BAffTbQ67HXzh4uWY5~CAguumRw4ev1X9i0Jqau-yDdQD5wj20jJvQiCXqFYh0uvA0c7h7me-K-S1dKoJueksIB8ZsQxXTXgquFYszy0GtlZqWF70BvjlhZnm4vmGrpk5cyIP6YIcULg7nQX81hDVR1ulhhdqL-0LkrTWqOKe65uXxw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
A Defense of Empirical Legal Scholarship
Richard L. Revesz
2002
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1600352
Why Do Empirical Legal Scholarship
Theodore Eisenberg
2004
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/sanlr41&div=70&id=&page=
Empirical Legal Scholarship as Scientific Dialogue
Gregory Mitchell
2004
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nclr83&div=13&id=&page=
An Empirical Study of Empirical Legal Scholarship: The Top Law Schools
Tracey E. George
2006
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/indana81&div=15&id=&page=
Empirical Studies of Corporate Law
Sanjai Bhagat & Roberta Romano
2007
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1574073007020130
When do Facts Persuade? Some Thoughts on the Market for "Empirical Legal Studies"
Elizabeth Chambliss
2008
https://www.jstor.org/stable/27592235
Empirical Legal Studies Before 1940: A Bibliographic Essay
Herbert M. Kritzer
2009
https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=faculty_articles
Empirical Legal Scholarship in Law Reviews
Diamond & Mueller
2010
https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102209-152848
Toward a New Legal Empiricism: Empirical Legal Studies and New Legal Realism
Mark C. Suchman & Elizabeth Mertz
2010
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.093008.131617
Empirical Legal Scholarship in Law Reviews
Shari Seidman Diamond & Pam Mueller
2010
https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102209-152848
The Oxford Handbook of Empirical Legal Research
Cane & Kritzer (Eds.)
2010
https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/35077
The Use of Legal Scholarship by the Federal Courts of Appeals: An Empirical Study
David L.Schwartz & Lee Petherbridge
2010
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/clqv96&div=51&id=&page=
The Origins, Nature, and Promise of Empirical Legal Studies and a Response to Concerns
Theodore Eisenberg
2011
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/unilllr2011&div=67&id=&page=
The Legal Reasoning of ICSID Tribunals
Ole K. Fauchald
2011
https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chn004
The Empirical Study of Law and Courts
Artemus Ward
2013
https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2879&context=tlr
Introduction: The Empirical Revolution in Law
Daniel E. Ho & Larry Kramer
2013
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23528249
The Scored Society
Danielle Citron & Frank Pasquale
2014
https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol89/iss1/2
An Introduction to Empirical Legal Research
Epstein & Martin
2014
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/an-introduction-to-empirical-legal-research-9780199669066
Consistency and Legal Innovation in the BIT Universe
Wolfgang Alschner & Dmitriy Skougarevskiy
2015
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2595288
Empirical Legal Research: The Gap between Facts and Values and Legal Academic Training
Frans L. Leeuw
2015
https://doi.org/10.18352/ulr.315
Empirical Legal Research: A Guidance Book
Leeuw & Schmeets
2016
https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/empirical-legal-research-9781784718305.html
The Empirical Turn in International Legal Scholarship
Gregory Shaffer & Tom Ginsburg
2017
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/empirical-turn-in-international-legal-scholarship/C18FC67169A7ADBA682100C840F49B5A
International Arbitration: Myth and Reality
Susan D. Franck
2018
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3222792
Data Science and the Law
Casey, Gelbach & Casey
2019
https://columbialawreview.org/content/data-science-and-the-law/
Law as Data
Livermore & Rockmore (Eds.)
2019
https://www.amazon.com/Law-Data-Computation-Future-Analysis/dp/1634593530
Sense and Similarity: Automating Legal Text Comparison
Wolfgang Alschner
2020
https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/edcoll/9781788977449/9781788977449.00006.xml
The Empirical Turn in Int’l Legal Scholarship
Wolfgang Alschner
2020
https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.61
Computational Methods in Legal Analysis
Jens Frankenreiter & Michael A. Livermore
2020
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3568558
The Logic of Law and Code
Ryan Whalen
2020
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3554202
The Computational Analysis of International Law
Wolfgang Alschner
2021
https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/edcoll/9781788972352/9781788972352.00022.xml
Computational Methods for Legal Analysis
Kantorowicz-Reznichenko
2021
https://www.erasmuslawreview.nl/tijdschrift/ELR/2021/2/ELR-D-21-00010
ISDS Actors’ Behavior
Runar Hilleren Lie
2022
https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2022.26
The Data-Driven Future of Int’l Economic Law
Wolfgang Alschner & Joost Pauwelyn & Sergio Puig
2023
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3592325
Computational Legal Studies Comes of Age
Bao Kham Chau
2024
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=4826144
A Case Study of the Advent of Empirical Legal Studies in the Netherlands: The Narrow Pathway of Instrumentalism
Peter Mascini
2025
https://publicera.kb.se/ejels/article/view/24724
Empirical Legal Research In a Digital Society: Questions, Approaches, Examples, and a Case study
Antonia Waltermann & Frans L. Leeuw
2025
https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/book/9781803925677/chapter5.xml
Computational Legal Studies: Is Turkey Ready for the Future of Legal Research?
Aişe Gül Akkoyun
2025
https://nasamer.ku.edu.tr/en/computational-legal-studies-is-turkey-ready-for-the-future-of-legal-research/
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